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What to Expect on a Bow River Float Trip
A Bow River float trip is an exciting way of exploring the Canadian Rockies, getting guests up close and personal to nature while creating unique travel experiences. Locals and international tourists alike have taken advantage of the calm and gentle waters found in Alberta’s Bow River, exploring the scenery and taking on trips suitable for the entire family.
Learn more about Bow River float trips and how you can indulge in this travel experience that is unique to the great province of Alberta. Lean on the experts at Caravan to help you experience this destination, and so many more.
What is a Bow River Float Trip?
Bow River float trips are gentle river trips that run all the way from the beautiful Rockies, directly into downtown Calgary.
The waters of the Bow River extend from the Canadian Rockies and eastward towards Calgary.
These glacier waters then extend roughly 350 miles throughout the province of Alberta, starting from Mount Gordon, directly through Banff National Park, Lake Louise, and then east into Canmore.
Originally named by the indigenous Cree people of Alberta, many of the fir trees found along the river were used to build bows, standing as a well-respected living spirit that represented healing in their cultures. Today, the waters and surrounding lands are carefully preserved and respected, where guests can enjoy these rapids with respect and care.
These rivers are used for a variety of water sports, including kayaking, canoeing, and white water rafting. Some portions of the Bow River are so incredibly gentle that they allow guests to tube or float down the river without any assistance. Of course, many guided offerings allow guests to navigate the Bow River alongside someone more experienced; however, the rivers are enjoyed by many who wish to experience the area in a unique and special way.
The resulting experience is one that is calm and easy, suitable for guests who want to take on a new experience on the water but don’t want to navigate the challenges of canoeing, kayaking, or rafting. This is a must-do experience for anyone visiting the Canadian Rockies, something that will be memorable, but also accessible for almost anyone.
How To Float The Bow River
For the most gentle Bow River float experience possible, there are two well-known “jump off” points to choose from:
Bow River Falls Launch Point: This trip begins at the base of Bow River Falls, cruising for about 7 km, and includes views of both Cascade and Rundle mountains. Here, a guide will take you and other guests on a very gentle float down the river, offering educational context and details about the landscapes. This option remains suitable even for non-swimmers, seniors, children, and anyone else who may be interested in the experience. The area offers rental options for those who want to partake in this activity on their own, or guided tour groups who can handle the details while you enjoy the trip.
West Baker Park Boat Launch Point: This site offers the incredible experience of a floating experience set alongside the city of Calgary. Take a gentle trip from this location directly through the city of Calgary, right into its downtown core. Wave to those you come across and enjoy both urban and natural landscapes with this popular option. The waters here remain gentle and suitable for guests of all ages and ability levels. Consider partnering with a tour group to help them guide you through the experience, or rent your own equipment if you wish to partake on your own.
The Castle Junction Launch in Banff: This remains a popular option for those looking to experience the Bow River on their own. This DIY launch point from the Trans Canada Highway exit for Highway 93 offers a half-day experience that gently glides into the town of Banff. Keep in mind, however, that any watercraft used must comply with Parks Canada regulations, while you must use a specific kind of life jacket for safety and the preservation of the natural environment.
What to Know Before Floating Down The Bow River
Here are some key points you should know before floating down the Bow River:
- For those who fail to wear a personal floating device like a life jacket, you could be fined up to $500.
- Safety kits are required, even if you plan on floating on your own. You will be required by law to carry a whistle, a 15-meter haul line, and a bucket for bailing out water as required.
- You can face criminal charges if you are found to be impaired by alcohol or cannabis while floating down the Bow River.
- Water levels can change, and guests should explore the Alberta Rivers website to ensure that flows are safe for floating before launching.
- Renting a quality craft is essential, and tubes or flotation devices that are ripped or worn out may be damaged during your float.
- Prepare to get wet, and pack clothing that can dry quickly, or is waterproof.
The waters are incredibly cold, even during the peak of the summer travel season. - Prepare for hot sun and cold water, and always bring along sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses.
- Prepare for potential delays, as float trips are often weather-dependent. Heavy rains can make the Bow River dangerous, so plan accordingly for this possibility.
When Is The Best Time To Float The Bow River?
A Bow River Float trip is usually best experienced in the summer, beginning in July and running to early September. Fall and Spring are generally not comfortable enough to partake in this experience, as cooler weather and ice-cold waters make for an uncomfortable experience.
Further, spring runoff from melting snow can make the Bow River dangerous and should be avoided. Keep in mind that peak travel season is in July and August, so September remains one of the very best times to experience the Bow River.
Rules and Regulations for Experiencing the Bow River
There are a few rules to keep in mind before your float experience. They are articulated by Parks Canada, and guests could be fined for failing to abide by these rules:
- Rafts can never be tied together, as this poses a risk to floaters, as their rafts can become stuck or pinned along parts of the river.
- Cheap pool floats are never allowed, including air mattresses or inner tubes. Instead, multi-chambered inflatable rafts built specifically for floating on rivers or white waters can only be used. Always consult with a guide if you are unsure if your raft is appropriate for use.
- Dogs are allowed to accompany you during your float trip, but they must wear a lifejacket.
- There is zero tolerance for impairment from drugs or alcohol along the river. Never drink and float.
- Local and federal police monitor the Bow River, and you could face fines if you are found not to be following the rules.
- Never, under any circumstances, should you drink the water from the Bow River. You can become sick from drinking the water.
Consult the city of Calgary websitedirectly to learn more about rules and regulations for the Bow River. Partnering with a tour company can help you navigate the rules of a great float trip. Explore your options and always do your research prior to taking part in a float trip.
What To Pack and Bring For a Bow River Float Tour
Here is a packing checklist for your first Bow River float tour:
- Quick-dry clothing is very beneficial, as you are likely to get wet. This can be a bathing suit or light clothing that can dry quickly in the sun.
- PFD or Life Jacket: Required by law, and available for rent from tour operators.
- A waterproof bag or a designated dry bag for keeping your valuables safe.
- Watershoes, or shoes you don’t mind getting wet.
- Layers of clothing, including clothing suitable for hot temperatures and sunny weather. This can include sunglasses, a wide-brimmed hat, or a long-sleeve shirt.
- Waterproof sunscreen that can protect you even if you get wet along your journey.
- A rain jacket that can help you stay dry.
Bow River Float FAQs
Find answers to common questions regarding floating the Bow River.
Do you need a life jacket to float on the Bow River?
Yes. Every guest is required by law to wear a properly fitted life jacket when floating the Bow River.
How long does it take to float the Bow River?
The length of your experience remains dependent on your launch point and where you plan to conclude. Many guides offer half-day experiences or just short float trips that last just a few hours.
How to float down the Bow River?
Visitors have the ability to float down the river entirely on their own, renting the appropriate gear and vessel, or booking a tour directly with a travel company that can facilitate the entire experience on your behalf.
Are you allowed to swim in the Bow River?
There are portions of the Bow River that have restrictions on swimming. Further, the waters are often far too cold to swim in comfortably.
How deep is the Bow River in Calgary?
Portions of the Bow River are known to be about ten feet deep.
Is the Bow River safe to swim in?
Generally, the Bow River is not safe for extensive swimming.
Is Bow River water clean?
While the Bow River waters are truly clean and beautiful, they are not safe for drinking or swimming in.
Can you float down the Bow River?
Yes! A float tour is the perfect way to take in the natural beauty of the Canadian Rockies.
Looking To Float The Bow River? Have Caravan Lead The Way!
Partnering with a travel group is a simple way of enjoying the Canadian Rockies while taking on the incredible Bow River alongside qualified guides. Cavana’s mult-day tour of the Rockiesincludes a stop dedicated to floating the Bow River, offering a fully booked, safe, and enjoyable experience. Take part in a travel group that includes stops at Banff, Moraine Lake, and Lake Louise, and experience all that these amazing destinations have to offer without ever worrying about the details.
Instead of navigating the regulations and complexities of planning a trip through the Rockies, take part in a travel group with accommodations, activities, and ground transportation fully booked and taken care of. Further, our travel guides can work closely with you to ensure that you not only have the best possible experience, but are able to enjoy the Bow River safely, without complication.
Explore Other Tours By Caravan
Caravan remains a trusted provider of group travel experiences across the globe. Click the links below to view our offerings:
- Tours of Costa Rica
- Copper Canyon Mexico Tours
- Tours of The Grand Canyon
- Tours of Nova Scotia
- Tours of Panama
- Tours of Peru
- Tours of New England
- Tours of Colombia
- Tours of Yellowstone
Book a trip to one of these amazing destinations today!
Book Today With Caravan
Caravan remains a well-trusted tour company, offering a chance to explore destinations like the Canadian Rockies and so much more. Our tour groups remain incredibly safe, allowing people like you to explore exotic destinations around the world, but also connect with like-minded individuals who are as excited about travel as you are!
Never worry about the details, and instead, take part in a multi-day trip that will ensure a safe and stress-free experience. Our offerings remain suitable for seniors, children, couples, solo travelers, and entire families.
Call us today at 800-CARAVANand book now for the vacation of a lifetime! We expect an incredibly busy travel season in the coming months, so don’t delay, as spaces are limited.
Reach out today to learn more.




2026 Hotels
2026 Hotels
Accommodations in the hotels and lodges are usually rooms with two beds and private bath or shower. A limited number of single rooms are available. Triple rooms are usually two beds.

Days 1, 8 • Calgary

Hilton Garden Inn Airport
Calgary is the gateway to the Canadian Rockies. The Hilton Garden Inn Airport is a five floor mid-rise hotel located in northeast Calgary near the airport. Each of the rooms has all the modern amenities – high speed internet, two phone lines, television, iron & ironing board and hairdryer. The Hilton Garden Inn Airport has room service, a fitness center, a self-service laundry, a restaurant and the Pavilion Lounge.
Please note: The tour that starts on May 30th will stay at the Courtyard Calgary Airport, for both May 30th and the ending night on June 6th.
For the night of May 30th, only rooms with one King bed are available at this hotel. If you need an additional bed, please note that it will be a pullout couch.

Days 2, 3 • Pincher Creek

Heritage Inn
Formerly an outpost for the Canadian Mounted Police and their horses, the town of Pincher Creek is nestled in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. The Heritage Inn provides complimentary wi-fi access in your room and throughout the property. Enjoy the indoor pool, in-room coffee and tea, hair dryer, iron & ironing board, tv, microwave & mini-fridge, and onsite restaurant and lounge. 100% smoke-free property.

Days 4, 5 • Canmore

Coast Canmore Hotel
The Coast Canmore Hotel is located in downtown Canmore by the pedestrian walking street lined with cafes and art galleries. Nature hikes and bike rides are accessible from your hotel. This popular mountain town overlooks the Three Sisters mountain peaks, with the Bow River and wildlife corridors running through the town. Hotel amenities include an indoor pool, hot tub and fitness center. Room amenities include free wi-fi, mini-fridge, iron & ironing board, in-room coffee and tea, air conditioning and a flat-screen TV.
Please note: The tour starting on September 7 will stay at the Canmore Inn & Suites.

Days 6, 7 • Banff

Banff Park Lodge
Banff is surrounded by the spectacular grandeur of the Canadian Rockies. The Banff Park Lodge is a full service hotel ideally located in the heart of Banff. You are one block from the Bow River and just two blocks from Banff Avenue shopping, dining and museums. The hotel has two restaurants, a bar, indoor swimming pool and hot tub, fitness room, hot plunge pool and eucalyptus steam room. Walking trails along the Bow River are a short stroll from your hotel. All guest rooms have balconies or patios. Internet access is available for a fee.

Movies
Movies
Living Mountains02:15
Banff and Jasper03:28
Columbia Icefield02:21

Airport Transfers
Airport Transfers
Arrival Transfers
Caravan’s hotel in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, the Hilton Garden Inn Calgary Airport, provides arrival transfers from the Calgary Airport (YYC). Upon arrival, please collect your luggage and then call the hotel directly at 1-403-717-1999 to request a pick-up. If you do not have a working phone, please go to one of the Information Desks located at the airport. You can ask them to make the call for you. Please allow 30-60 minutes for the shuttle to arrive. The drive to your hotel takes 20 minutes. For International Arrivals, pick-up is located at Bus Bay #37, outside of door #16. For Domestic Arrivals, please go to Bus Bay #17, outside of door #4. Taxis cost approximately $30-35 (Canadian Dollars).
The May 30th tour only will stay at the Courtyard Calgary Airport. Upon arrival, please collect your luggage and then call the hotel at 403-238-1000 (press “0” for the Operator) to request a pick-up. The hotel will instruct you on your pick-up location. Please allow 30-60 minutes for your shuttle to arrive. The drive to your hotel takes 15 minutes.
Departure Transfers
Caravan's hotel in Calgary, Canada, the Hilton Garden Inn Calgary Airport, provides departure transfers to the Calgary Airport (YYC) every hour. Please allow up to 20 minutes for the drive. Taxis cost approximately $30-$35 (Canadian Dollars).
Airfare is not included or sold by Caravan.

Passports & Visas
Passports & Visas
U.S. citizens traveling between the United States and Canada must carry a passport, valid for at least six months past your entry date into Canada. Non-U.S. citizens, please check your passport and visa requirements. Canada requires non-US citizens and Visa exempt foreign visitors to obtain an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) prior to travel to Canada. The most up-to-date information can be found at www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/eta.html. Children under 18 years old, traveling internationally without both parents or legal guardians, should carry a notarized letter of authorization signed by the missing parent(s) or guardian(s) See Travel Tips for more details.

Weather & Clothing
Weather & Clothing
Temperature °F (high/low) Rainfall (inches)
| Calgary | Banff | Pincher Creek | Jasper Park | Columbia Icefields | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp | Rain | Temp | Rain | Temp | Rain | Temp | Rain | Temp | Rain | |
| Jan | 27/16 | 0.5 | 22/14 | 1.2 | 31/16 | 0.2 | 28/17 | 5.4 | 14/-10 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 32/21 | 0.6 | 32/22 | 0.9 | 35/18 | 0.2 | 35/22 | 3.6 | 21/-8 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 39/29 | 0.8 | 38/28 | 0.9 | 41/24 | 0.3 | 49/29 | 2.6 | 29/0 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 52/40 | 1.0 | 48/38 | 1.3 | 52/32 | 0.7 | 59/35 | 1.6 | 37/13 | 0.1 |
| May | 62/50 | 2.1 | 57/46 | 2.3 | 61/39 | 1.9 | 68/41 | 1.4 | 47/21 | 0.3 |
| Jun | 68/57 | 3.2 | 65/54 | 2.4 | 68/46 | 2.8 | 74/48 | 1.3 | 53/28 | 2.3 |
| Jul | 73/61 | 2.6 | 71/59 | 2.0 | 76/50 | 1.4 | 80/50 | 1.0 | 59/31 | 1.9 |
| Aug | 73/60 | 2.2 | 70/58 | 2.0 | 75/49 | 1.2 | 77/48 | 1.3 | 58/29 | 2.2 |
| Sep | 64/51 | 1.6 | 61/49 | 1.7 | 66/42 | 1.2 | 68/43 | 2.4 | 49/22 | 1.5 |
| Oct | 54/42 | 0.7 | 50/40 | 1.2 | 53/34 | 0.7 | 54/38 | 5.1 | 37/14 | 0.7 |
| Nov | 37/26 | 0.6 | 32/25 | 1.2 | 39/24 | 0.4 | 39/31 | 5.4 | 21/0 | 0.0 |
| Dec | 30/19 | 0.6 | 22/15 | 1.4 | 30/16 | 0.3 | 30/23 | 6.6 | 12/-10 | 0.1 |
Temperature °F (high/low) Rainfall (inches)
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary | ||||||||||||
| temp | 27/16 | 32/21 | 39/29 | 52/40 | 62/50 | 68/57 | 73/61 | 73/60 | 64/51 | 54/42 | 37/26 | 30/19 |
| rainfall | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Banff | ||||||||||||
| temp | 22/14 | 32/22 | 38/28 | 48/38 | 57/46 | 65/54 | 71/59 | 70/58 | 61/49 | 50/40 | 32/25 | 22/15 |
| rainfall | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
| Pincher Creek | ||||||||||||
| temp | 31/16 | 35/18 | 41/24 | 52/32 | 61/39 | 68/46 | 76/50 | 75/49 | 66/42 | 53/34 | 39/24 | 30/16 |
| rainfall | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Jasper Park | ||||||||||||
| temp | 28/17 | 35/22 | 49/29 | 59/35 | 68/41 | 74/48 | 80/50 | 77/48 | 68/43 | 54/38 | 39/31 | 30/23 |
| rainfall | 5.4 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 6.6 |
| Columbia Icefields | ||||||||||||
| temp | 14/-10 | 21/-8 | 29/0 | 37/13 | 47/21 | 53/28 | 59/31 | 58/29 | 49/22 | 37/14 | 21/0 | 12/-10 |
| rainfall | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Clothing Tips
This is a casual tour. Casual wear is suggested for sightseeing and daytime travelling. Dress code for evenings is casual. Suit jackets for men and dresses for women are never required. See Travel Tips for more details.

Travel Tips & FAQs
Travel Tips & FAQs
These are only the first 15 Travel Tips. Read all 54 Travel Tips Meals included in the land price are indicated at the beginning of each day by B (Breakfast), L (Lunch), D (Dinner). Dinner, when included, is served at your hotel except when, as indicated in the itinerary, it is at a special restaurant outside the hotel. Coffee or tea is provided at all included meals. Included meals for each tour are listed at the end of each day. Meals are shown by B (breakfast), L (lunch) and D (dinner). Full, buffet, or deluxe continental breakfasts are included everywhere. Free bottled water is provided on the motorcoach. Alcoholic beverages are not included unless specified. Virtually everything! Hotels, many meals, all of the activities described in the itinerary pages, airport transfers in select cities, gratuities to hotel porters, restaurant staff and local guides. Caravan’s professional Tour Directors and local guides will be with you every step of the way, ensuring a worry free vacation. Prices do not include air travel, country entry or departure fees, airport porters, visas, phone calls, valet, laundry, all items of a personal nature, extra food and beverages not on the regular menu, and tips to the Caravan Tour Director, driver, and local guides. Usually, you find a mix of different age adult travelers on a Caravan Tour. Children age five (5) and older are welcome, and children usually join tours offered during Christmas holidays, summer vacation and spring break vacation. A well-paced and unhurried itinerary is our goal, after all, you are on vacation! Touring days begin and end at reasonable hours and include frequent stops. While the occasional early morning departure is necessary, we do our best to ensure a leisurely vacation. Group sizes will vary depending on the reserved rooms at the hotels and the capacity of the boats and motorcoaches used. Usually, group sizes range from 30 to 44 passengers. Caravan has been offering fully guided tours worldwide under the same family ownership and management since 1952. Caravan understands and truly cares about your great expectations. The farther in advance that you book, the more likely it is that your preferred tour will be open. Late bookings are welcome if the space is still available. Families are always welcome on any of our tours, but we do not have any programs specifically for or limited to families. Families can make specific requests for connecting, adjacent, triple or quad rooms, when available. Children must be at least 5 years old. Caravan accepts payment (in U.S. funds only) via MasterCard, Visa, or Discover. Caravan Travel Protection offers peace of mind if you cancel for any reason whatsoever prior to the departure of the tour. The travel protection plan also includes air, baggage, evacuation, medical, and quarantine coverage. The cost is $129. Children age five (5) and older are welcome on tour when accompanied by an adult. Usually, children travel during the school vacation months of June, July and August, and also during spring and winter school breaks. Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Victoria Day (3rd Monday in May), Canada Day (July 1), Labour Day (1st Monday in September), and Thanksgiving (2nd Monday in October). Most provinces celebrate a civic holiday on the first Monday in August. If you are travelling with children under 18 years old without both parents or legal guardians, carry a notarized letter of authorization signed by the missing parent(s) or guardian(s). A notarized birth certificate showing only one parent, a parent’s death certificate, or a court order of child custody may also be permissible. Failure to have proper documentation could result in denial of boarding by the airline, due to international child protection laws.Meals
Are meals included?
My Tour Price Includes
My Tour Price Does Not Include
Age of Travelers on a Caravan Tour
A Well-Paced Itinerary
Size of Tour Group
Fully Guided Tours Since 1952
Many Tours Sell Out Each Year
Family Trips
Forms of Payment
Caravan’s $129 Travel Protection
Children on Tour
Canada’s National Holidays
International Travel with Minors

Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
These are only the first 7 Customer Reviews. Read all 222 Customer Reviews "Glorious views of mountains and lakes, exactly what your brochure promised but SO SPECTACULAR in person." "All hotels were clean, comfortable, and had everything we needed. Tastefully decorated and up to date." "Some days were busy, but some days were relaxed with free time. It was the perfect mix!" "The float trip on the Bow River was so peaceful and beautiful scenery." "Breakfast at hotels was plentiful with variety for all, including gluten free options." "The tour was exceptional, having traveled with other tour companies, Caravan was top shelf." "We especially enjoyed Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump...the guide there was so passionate about his culture."
Read All 222 ReviewsClick Here to Read All 222 Customer Reviews

Why Travel with Caravan?
Why Travel with Caravan?
Excellence Since 1952
You can trust our years of experience with tours of superb quality and excellent value. Caravan has enjoyed the same family management and ownership since 1952.




Caravan Care
For your safety, Caravan cancelled most 2020 and all 2021 tour departures and refunded 100% of all payments received. See Caravan’s Covid-19 Terms of Travel.
Caravan's Proud History
In 1965, Roger Mudd hosted a two-hour CBS TV special on Caravan Tours. This TV production took about one month to make and was so successful it inspired the 1968 romantic comedy movie “If it’s Tuesday this must be Belgium.” In the early 50’s the Mayor of Dublin presented Caravan with the Key to Dublin for bringing the first American tour to the city after WWII. Since then, Caravan has been recognized as a pioneer in travel. You can trust in our stability, experience and dedication to quality.
Great Hotels
Stay at park lodges, scenic resorts, and excellent hotels in great locations. See hotel descriptions on each tour page.
Meals
Most meals included within Latin America. For USA and Canada tours, included meals are listed on each itinerary page. Bottled water is provided on motorcoaches in Latin America.
Complete Sightseeing
Enjoy complete sightseeing with more visits, extra features, and local guides.
Fully Guided by Tour Directors
All tours conducted from start to finish by professional tour directors, who are fluent in English, experienced, and fun.
All-inclusive
Caravan includes all activities listed in the tour itinerary page. Caravan does not sell any optional activities which can add hundreds of dollars to your tour price. Your free time is scheduled in great settings where there is no need to buy additional expensive activities.
Shopping Freedom
Caravan will not bring you to overpriced shops in exchange for payments. Caravan gives you ample opportunity and time for great shopping, and the freedom to choose where and when to shop.
Great Value, Book Early
Caravan’s strong buying power gives you great vacations at prices much lower than you can find anywhere. Most of our tours sell out quickly. Book early for the date you prefer and the best airfare.
How does Caravan Tours sell these tours for such a low cost?
Caravan delivers volume to our suppliers, who in turn reward us with their very best prices. We in turn pass these savings on to you, and you reward us by buying our tours. As volume continues to rise, we then receive even better prices from our suppliers, and we pass even greater savings on to you. This year our tours are better than ever.
Trade Association Memberships
Caravan is a member of NTA (National Tour Association), ABA (American Bus Association), CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association), and ACMA (American Commerce Marketing Association).